aztec primary sourcesaztec primary sources

Primary Sources . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. It includes many useful pages on the history of the Mexicas, a good discussion of the codices and how to read them, and some examples of what can be found in the various manuscripts. Memoriales de Fray Toribio de Motolina. Brooks, Francis J. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Culhua-Mexica, Mexica, Tenochca. Mjico, 1903. N.B. Much of the book is a tale of the arrival of the Spaniards in Tenochtitln, the encounter with Moctezuma, the roust of the small band of conquistadors, and the siege and fall of the Aztec capital city. Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1955. This codex, Thirteen Cities Paying Tribute to Aztecs, was recreated in 1830 by Agostino Aglio. Are You Thinking of a Career in Secondary Schools? Microfilm. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. The drawings accompanying authentic manuscript reproductions often contained drawings from multiple sources, not just those included in the original manuscript itself. Pupils will learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors in our National Geographic Kids' Aztec primary resource sheet. Maya Conquistador. This document is also known as The Manuscript of 1576. It is based on the same manuscript as Histoire de la nation mexicaine. AHA Teaching & Learning Teaching Resources for Historians Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age The History of the Americas The Conquest of Mexico For Teachers General Discussion of the Primary Sources Used in This Project General Discussion of the Primary Sources Used in This Project Written as a letter to the King of Spain, de las Casas account describes the horrors of the Spanish conquest. Explore and learn all about the different sources of energy. [My translation]. Topiltzin in the film, like many historical sons of caciques in sixteenth century New Spain, was sent to the priests to be taught to read and write in Spanish and to be indoctrinated in Catholicism. What Have the Publics History Education Experiences Been Like? These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. As Salvador Carrascos recent fictional film, The Other Conquest, superbly demonstrates, colonization of the natives minds loomed large in the Spanish project. 2 vols. The kings Itzcoatl, Motecuhzoma the Elder, Axayacatl, Tizoc and Ahuitzol ruled for you in the City of Mexico. Microfilm. Since Spanish was the official language of New Spain, those who did not know it became extremely dependent upon Nahuatl-speaking priests to communicate with Spanish rulers. : Impr. In any case, I could not use this source in this project, since it was only translated in the twentieth century. These images generate even more questions about whose vision is represented in them, since the Tlaxcalans backed the Spanish without hesitation and produced their paintings to impress the Spanish monarchy with their loyalty to Spain. [See below], Sahagn, Fray Bernardino de. An excellent introduction to Malinche and her role in the conquest of Mexico. Cdice Ramirez. Authorities in New Spain confiscated his manuscripts in 1575, and at various times, the Spanish monarchy ordered him to stop his work. My one concession is to have in places slightly modified awkward language from the nineteenth century renditions of it where I deemed it to have no historical significance. Microfiche. (Source: Florentine Codex, 420) Coatlicue plays a prominent role in the Aztec and Mexica mythology, as recounted by Bernardino de Sahagn in the Florentine Codex. [See above]. You will receive our UK newsletter. : University Editions, 1995. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. [http://iupjournals.org/jwh/jwh10-2.html (6-12-2000)]. Less useful than The Aztec, but a good site with useful general information. Gruzinski, Serge. We allowed the Captain to return to the city in peace. It is plausible that Fray Diego de Durn may have supervised the preparation of this manuscript, and it was published in 1867 as Historia de las Indias de Nueva-Espaa y isles de Tierra Firme with Durn as the author. An online academic database used by universities worldwidethat isa superb resourcefor History students. Useful in thinking about what I am doing in this project. It is a collection of primary sources from the Nahuas and the Spaniards. The resource includes information on: Aztec gods, rulers, priests, temples, the Aztec empire and Aztec calendars. From Corts, Second Letter, 110-14. The Aztecs. Databases of primary sources arranged by time period or topic. One needs to have at least some visual literacy as well as understand the conventions used in the Nahuas paintings. A small monograph that argues the significance of translation and the role of Aguilar and Doa Marina in the Spanish conquest. Doa Marina: Una India Eemplar: La Malinche. The resource includes information on: Aztec gods, rulers, priests, temples, the Aztec empire and Aztec calendars. Aztec Religion Sources A selection of sources on the topic. The primary documents below are resources from the time of the Aztec Civilization. A history of the conquest based upon the authors close reading of the images in the Florentine Codex. Marcus, Joyce. New Brunswich: Rutgers University Press, 1994. I plan on using Hernan Cortes' "Second Letter to Emperor Charles V," which describes his exploits and capture of Montezuma II and the Aztec capital. Painting the Conquest: The Mexican Indians and the European Renaissance. Unfortunately, very few pre-Conquest codices survived the Spanish Conquest and the destruction of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln in 1521. An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. When in doubt, click on research from the Home Page. You have come here to sit on your throne, to sit under its canopy. Aztec artists worked in a number of different media, from monumental stone sculptures, terracotta sculptures, and murals to codices, featherworks, and . by Deke Dusinberre. Children could also complete the Aztec puzzles. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Landow, George P. Hypertext 2.0: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology. Poliantea. from Spanish into English by Lysander Kemp. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts With language understood as a primary mechanism of control in a war that had cultural obliteration as its goal, the opportunities for mistranslations and misunderstandings were enormous. Mxico: Editorial Nueva Imagen, 1978. Conquista de Mjico. Mujeres en crnicas de la conquiesta: en Bernal Daz del Castillo y Garcilaso de la Vega. Lpez de Gmara, Francisco. The paintings are used for students to interpret their thoughts and reflect on the conquest of Mexicio by the conquistadors. At the beginning of the 12th century, catastrophe befell Toltec civilization when Tula was attacked and destroyed, as were other important Toltec centres. If you click on the source it will take you either to the place in this bibliography, where I cited the source I used most frequently to produce the material. Sources, and Populations Embedded in the received story of the "Conquest of Mexico" are two questionable asser-tions. I have met you face to face! B. Lippincott Company, c. 1873. explore and learn delivered straight to your inbox. It consists of its own narrative that mentions things not discussed in the Florentine Codex but is entirely consistent with it. Ask a parent or guardian to check it out first and remember to stay safe online. An attempt at writing a history of Doa Marina based on good sources, but more like a haigiography of Malintzin, a remarkable indigenous woman. Seville: Sebastian Trugillo, 1552. The history of this document is illustrative of the problematic nature of these primary sources. Hispanic American Historical Review. The Aztec military gained power in numbers by adding men supplied from allied and conquered states. A. Valds, 1829. Kicza, John E. "A Comparison of Spanish and Indian Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico." Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. An interesting collection of lesser known narratives of the conquest that add an additional dimension and helps to clarify the documents used here. Spanish conquistadores commanded by Hernn Corts allied with local tribes to conquer the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitln. Seler, Eduard, ed. Avery, Margaret Campbell. Corrections? While this source mentions a portrait and claims that it might have hung alongside of one of Corts in his house, the editor of the volume I used provides evidence that de la Cortinas biography of Cifuentes is fiction. [See Torres]. A collection of online articles and news reports about the Aztecs. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! The Aztec account of the conquest of Mexico is found in Book XII of the Florentine Codex. Aztec Religion Sources Source: https://pixabay.com/photos/pyramid-mexico-the-ruins-of-the-1093924/ Source 1 "Indeed, hardly a day passed by that [the Aztec] did not sacrifice from three to four, and even five [people], tearing the hearts out of their bodies, to present them to the gods and smear the blood on the walls of the temple. [http://www.umt.edu/history/NAHUATL/florent.txt (6-12-2000)]. Most of these histories address one very simple question: how could a handful of Spaniards, even with their powerful and superior weapons, have defeated tens of thousands of indigenous peoples who lived in what the Spaniards themselves described as a very impressive, advanced civilization? A sixteenth century manuscript which includes illustrations drawn by indigenous people. The Aztec Empire grew as it conquered neighboring states, but that growth came at a cost. Alvarado Tezozmoc, Fernando. Moreover, in producing this project, I discovered that artists often copied originals or sometimes provided their own drawings, which were similar but different from the original paintings. 8. Fray Diego de Durn studied many of the local manuscripts produced in the sixteenth century. In 1585, he published a revised version of the codex, which, he argued, corrected some errors and integrated some things ignored in his earlier summary. Aztec, self name Culhua-Mexica, Nahuatl-speaking people who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a large empire in what is now central and southern Mexico. De la Cortina, Jos Justo Gomez, Conde. In the end, she offers little that is new. But during much of the conquest, Cortss letters could be interpreted as an attempt to justify his deliberate failure to obey Diego Velzquez de Cellar, the Spanish governor in Cuba, the sponsor of his expedition. Though it was based on Cortss papers, it is closer to a secondary source that glorifies Corts. This edition appears to be a French translation of the earliest version of Daz del Castillos manuscript. Mxico: Impr. Role of sacrifice in Aztec culture. In other cases, if the codices are in Nahuatl, I will describe their authors as Nahuas, following the practice of Mexican historian, Miguel Len-Portilla.]. by Dsir Charnay. 7. The kings who have gone before, your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992. Extremely useful in putting this project together. This source is of utmost importance for investigating the Aztec medicine. In effect, they are witnesses of the event, in this case, of the conquest of Mexico. In carrying out his investigation, McCaa has done an interesting exegesis on the various primary sources on the conquest, which I used here. There is nothing to fear. Las Casas, Bartolom de. 4 vols. New York: The Free Press, 1996. Extremely useful in understanding how to read the Nahuass manuscripts. From Tenochca was derived the name of their great city, Tenochtitln, founded on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! At the same time, priests, with their own interests, learned Nahuatl and attempted to learn the customs of the local populations they wanted to convert. "The primary sources feature artifacts such as the Inca quipu, or knotted counting cords, the Maya sacred calendar, and the Aztec Sun Stone. These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. The film begins with Motecuhzoma IIs fictional son, Topiltzin, writing a codex to expose Spanish brutality and to preserve the historical memory of the Mexicas. La conquista de Mxico segn las ilustraciones del Cdice florentino, con textos adaptados por Marta Dujovne y montaje grfico de Lorenzo Amengual. Many of the friars educating, controlling, and indoctrinating New Spain villages, thus, encouraged the natives to paint. Quiroz, Bernardino de Jesus, trans. An interesting interpretation of women found in the Florentine Codex. He used them and referred to them in his manuscript. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Edited by Manuel Romero de Terrerosa. In the Aztec "Legend of the Five Suns", all the gods sacrificed themselves so that mankind could live.Some years after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a body of the Franciscans confronted the remaining Aztec priesthood and demanded, under threat of death, that they desist from this traditional . In Five Centuries of Mexican History, vol. During this time the Aztecs, who, according to legend, had been wandering in search of a new place to settle, established a precarious home near the ruins of Tula. Hassler, Peter. Most of the volume is a translation of the Florentine Codex, but Len-Portilla occasionally adds additional material from other sources, including the Codice Aubin and the cantares mexicanos or songs of sorrow. Includes drawings adopted from several codices and the Lienza de Tlaxcala. Did not put documents from this book on-line. A rather snippy critique of cultural studies approaches to history, but has an interesting chapter on some of the cultural studies approaches to the conquest of Mexico. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Call Number: UNLV Oversize F1219.56.C76 D5 (2 vol.) Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. You will receive our UK newsletter. " Encounters in the New World: A History in Documents by Jill Lepore Call Number: E59.F53 E53 2000 ISBN: 0195154916 Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World by Miguel Leon-Portilla Call Number: Online - EBSCO J. Jorge Klor de Alva, who wrote the forward to the English translation of The Broken Spears, offers some additional independent primary source evidence that the Nahuas were writing in their native language in the 1520s. We get the lowdown on these magnificent marine mammals. Edited by Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. The published first letter was, in fact, not Cortss original letter, but one revised by a committee with the deliberate intention of positively influencing Charles V. The Spanish conquistador Bernal Daz del Castillo wrote his version of what he had witnessed during the conquest, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, decades after the Spanish victory in 1521. But on the following day we attacked him with all our might, and that was the beginning of the war. Piossek Prebisch, Teresa. Corts replied in his strange and savage tongue, speaking first to La Malinche: Tell Motecuhzoma that we are his friends. Mxico: Impr. Gates, William. Gordon, Helen H. Voice of the Vanquished: The Story of the Slave Marina and HernnCorts. New York: Harper and Row, 1984. Xlotls Chichimec joined forces with the remaining Toltecs, resulting in a period of relative peace and cultural progress in the Valley of Mexico. The facts of its production raise serious questions about whether the manuscript represents the vision of the vanquished or of the colonizers. Happily, the rich Latin American resources in Southern California make it feasible to examine multiple translations and editions of the sources for verification of precise language regardless of copyright. Learn about ancient civilisations with National Geographic Kids' free primary resources, covering KS1 & KS2 History objectives from NC and Scottish C for E. . Secondary Sources JSTOR An online academic database used by universities worldwide that is a superb resource for History students. Occasionally used for clarification but not included in the on-line documents. English Translations of Nahuatl Words Used in the Codex. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Explores issues of gender and sexuality in the conquest. Fuentes, Patricia de, ed. We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. His account is, thus, one of the most complete from the Spanish perspective and covers the Spanish landing on the coast to Cortss fruitless trek over land to put down a rebellion in Honduras. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1999. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espaa. This searches internet sites for academic articles and books. 4 vols. Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1878. The Aztecs referred to themselves as Culhua-Mexica, to link themselves with Colhuacn, the centre of the most-civilized people of the Valley of Mexico.See alsopre-Columbian civilizations: Aztec culture to the time of the Spanish conquest. Activity: Ask children to choose one of the subheadings in the resource and use the information and their own research to create their own comic strip based on that topic, like the Life as an Aztec comic. [My translation]. 10. One of the best primary sources of information on Aztec culture, they served as calendars, ritual texts, almanacs, maps, and historical manuscripts of the Aztec people, spanning from before the Spanish conquest through the colonial era. One can scroll up and down to see the other versions of the sources. All Aztecs, Maya & Inca primary resources, By entering your email address you agree to our. Karttunen, Frances. [My translation]. De J. M. Andrade y F. Escalante, 1867, 1880. Aztec culture was organized into city-states . Aztecs. Fordham University provides a list of links to online primary sources from the modern era. Primary Source: Aztec Accounts of the Conquest, 1520 In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. The process of verifying the pedigree of out of copyright drawings has, thus, been a nightmare, especially when the books I was using failed to indicate the source of the illustrations. A French translation of Cortss letters to Charles V, which may have been based on the Spanish edition I used. "Teaching Art in the Context of Culture: A Study in the Borderlands,"Studies in Art Education: A Journal of Issues and Research. La Rosa suggested that in spite of Spanish efforts to force all of the indigenous Americans to speak Spanish, many priests found it in their interests to learn the multiple languages spoken in the region. Paris: E. Leroux, 1893. This is a spacious patio home with several modern updates! Our lords, they are completely unarmed!. Cdice Aubin: manuscrito azteca de la Biblioteca real de Berlin, anales en mexicano y geroglificos desde la salida de las tribus de Aztlan hasta la muerte de Cuauhtmoc. McCaa, Robert. Philadelphia: J. Mxico: Oficina tipogrfica de la Secretara de fomento, 1906. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. These people are not carrying shields or macanas. Clendennen, Inga. Battle of Tenochtitln, (May 22-August 13, 1521), military engagement between the Aztecs and a coalition of Spanish and indigenous combatants. The Spaniards initially insisted on forcing the indigenous populations to speak Spanish, a policy that was wholly unsuccessful. Classic account of the history of the conquest that is very sympathetic to the Spaniards. Back to the main History guide! The Catholic Encyclopiedia. The Aztecs (/ z t k s /) were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Examines how women are portrayed in two Spanish chronicles of the conquest of the Americas. [http://www.public.iastate.edu/~python/pagan/aztec.html (6-14-2000)]. Used to verify Torres argument that Corts commissioned a portrait of Doa Marina from the Spanish artist Rodrigo de Cifuentes. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. "The Worlds of the Renaissance: Projects: Malinche: The Identity of an Indian Woman in the Conquest.". Useful in understanding the intrusion of Spanish values in supposedly indigenous sources. Learn how the Maya excelled at architecture, agriculture, written language and mathematics, Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors, Join us on a journey to South America to uncover the mysteries of these ancient drawings, Discover the secrets of this incredible Incan city, Practise designing Inca-style carvings inspired by the Ancient Inca Empire of South America. Contains some interesting images from the codices critical of de Alvardo. La Malinche translated this speech and the Spaniards grasped Motecuhzomas hands and patted his back to show their affection for him. A Codex that was originally . Miguel LeonPortilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. No, it is not a dream. The Sun had treacherously murdered our people on the twentieth day after the captain left for the coast. N.p. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Carefully researched, much of the book is about the author's quest to learn more about Malinche. Daz del Castillo, a conquistador, was with Corts when most of the important incidents related to the conquest of Mexico took place. Trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. [htttp://www.library.uiuc.edu/mdx/malintzin.htm (6-13-2000)]. We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. A group of indigenous people, the Tlaxcalans, who allied with the Spanish and massacred many of the Mexicas themselves, produced eighty paintings published in the mid-sixteenth century in a manuscript called El Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Which Sources of the Past Are Viewed as Trustworthy? "Human Sacrifice among the Aztecs? However, their stay was temporary. This edition appears to be an English translation of the earliest version of Daz del Castillos manuscript. An intelligent essay that reviews all of the existing evidence on the impact of disease, especially smallpox, on the conquest of Mexico. "Christian Morality Revealed in Spain: The Inimical Woman in Book Ten of the Florentine Codex," Journal of Women's History, 10. [http://www.Indians.org/welker/Aztec.htm (6-13-2000)]. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. That is how they celebrated the first day of the fiesta. Paris: Fayard, 1990. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts The king Motecuhzoma, who was accompanied by Itzcohuatzin and by those who had brought food for the Spaniards, protested: Our lords, that is enough! You will receive our UK newsletter. NASAs Curiosity Rover spots a mouse on Mars. A copy of it is available in the Los Angeles County Public Library. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Updates? 4 vols. A table of various estimates of indigenous population decline in New Spain during the sixteenth century. Lettres de Fernand Cortes Charles-Quint sur la dcouverte et la Conqute du Mexique. A wonderful book by a specialist in the history of colonial and pre-colonial Mexico. The Aztec codices are manuscripts that were written and painted by tlacuilos (codex creators). The letter written by Hernan Corts gives students a first look at what Corts was thinking and his plan when arriving in Tenochtitla n. The first is that the population of central Mexico in 1519 . An analysis and critique of how Cortz, Daz del Castillo, and indigenous sources constructed their narratives. The sentries from Tenochtitlan stood at one side of the gate, and the sentries from Tlatelolco at the other. He published the book in Spain to obtain sympathy for the indigenous populations of New Spain. [My translation]. Malinche's Conquest. Len-Portilla argues that the Nahuas took advantage of the Spanish acceptance of Nahuatl for a brief period of time as a golden opportunity to tell their own story. Get uplifting news, exclusive offers, inspiring stories and activities to help you and your family I disagree with his conclusions, but I incorporated some of his ideas about what questions to be asking when I put this material together. Trans. If only they are watching! For my primary sources, I plan on using Spanish and Aztec diary letters and codices. Believes the painting was destroyed when Corts house in Coyoacn caught fire. At the same time, if the priests understood local languages, they were better able to root out native religious heresies. Are there really rodents on the red planet? 2d. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the indigenous populations wrote in a pictographic style and used paintings as vehicles for writing history. [http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1995-6/rosa.htm (6-14-2000)]. Sources of Energy for Primary Students Science Nonfiction Unit. This edition is, to my knowledge, the first published version of Daz del Castillos final version of his manuscript. It can still be found in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenzianna in Florence, Italy. It also contains a facsimile of the Codice Aubin. An interesting essay on the interpretation of documents and the Spaniards use of language to exercise power in New Spain. Tribes of hunters and gatherers, including a group of Chichimec under the leadership of Xlotl, took advantage of the situation and traveled from the arid plateau of northern Mexico toward the fertile, heavily settled central zone. Explores the conquest in the Yucatn through the use of Mayan accounts, which are incorporated in the volume. What Are the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past? I did not use any of the illustrations from this volume, as a second edition of it appeared in 1975. "Mythical Views of Malintzin, Malinche, Marina: the Virgin, the Harlot and the Heroine." This description is based primarily on written documents from the 16th century but also includes some archaeological data. Masters Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993. An excellent lesson plan aimed at K-12 students but it easily could be used in an introductory university survey course. The Tezcocanos, like the Tlaxcalans, fought along side of the Spaniards against the Mexicas, which, after the fact, makes this an extremely important document. Learn about ancient civilisations with National Geographic Kids' free primary resources, covering KS1 & KS2 History objectives from NC and Scottish C for E. . Boston: Bedford/St. There they improved their approach to agriculture and acquired other technological knowledge. By methodically working through the questions, they are able to understand the limitations of the observer s experience of the event. Overmyer-Velzquez, Rebecca. [Not put on-line]. If only they can see what I see! [http://www.svhe.pdx.edu/summerinstitute/projects1998/escribano/malinche.html(6-13-2000)]. Compares Spanish and indigenous accounts of the conquest. Lockhart, James. Many historians would accept only Don Hernn Cortss letters to King Charles V as genuine primary sources, since they were written by the Spanish conqueror in his native language at the time he was battling the Mexicas. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. Change region, COUNTRY*AustraliaIrelandNew ZealandUnited KingdomOther. The original is housed in the Bibliothque National in Paris, France. The images of Malinche portray her with her hair tied up on her head unlike her images in El Lienzo de Tlaxcala. How did the Aztecs live? While these sources clearly display a deep sense of sorrow, despair was far from the only response. An excellent Web site put together by Thomas H. Frederiksen. Trans. Thousands of historians have written about it from this questionable evidence. These images are quite different from those found in the Florentine Codex. In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. They brought only their embroidered cloaks, their turquoises, their lip plugs, their necklaces, their clusters of heron feathers, their trinkets made of deer hooves.

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